NSDD Directive 189, issued on September 21, 1985, establishes the national policy regarding the dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information derived from federally-funded fundamental research at academic and government institutions. The directive defines fundamental research as basic and applied research in science and engineering, the outcomes of which are typically published and openly shared within the scientific community, as opposed to proprietary or industrial research where results may be restricted for business or national security reasons.
In response to concerns about the potential for adversarial nations, particularly those in the Eastern Bloc, to acquire advanced technology for military purposes, the directive acknowledges the importance of safeguarding national security while simultaneously maintaining the United States' leadership in science and technology through an open and creative research environment. The policy concludes that, to the greatest extent possible, outputs of fundamental research should remain unrestricted. Should national security interests necessitate control, classification is deemed the appropriate mechanism, with federal agencies responsible for determining and reviewing the need for classification prior to and during research funding. In the absence of such classification or statutory restrictions, no limits are to be placed on the communication or conduct of fundamental research. This balanced approach aims to protect sensitive information without impeding the free exchange of scientific knowledge that underpins academic and technological advancement.
