NSDD Directive 189, issued on September 21, 1985, establishes U.S. national policy regarding the dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information stemming from federally funded fundamental research at academic and research institutions. The directive distinguishes "fundamental research" as basic or applied research whose results are typically published and widely shared, contrasting it with proprietary or industrial research where information is restricted for corporate or national security reasons. The document acknowledges the ongoing risk posed by foreign intelligence efforts, particularly from the Eastern Bloc, to acquire advanced U.S. technologies; however, it notes that open academic research has contributed only minimally to such technology transfers.
The directive emphasizes the necessity of maintaining a free and creative research environment, which it views as integral to America's scientific leadership and security. It articulates a clear policy that, as a rule, the results of fundamental research should remain unrestricted. When national security concerns necessitate control over research findings, the directive specifies that classification is the appropriate mechanism. Federal agencies are tasked with assessing whether classification is warranted prior to awarding research funds and with periodically reviewing funded research for potential classification. Absent such classification or specific statutory requirements, no restrictions may be imposed on the conduct or reporting of federally funded fundamental research. This approach aims to balance national security needs with the imperative for open scientific exchange.
